High Cholesterol

What’s the Difference Between HDL and LDL Cholesterol?

Cholesterol frequently gets a bum rap, but it’s necessary for your body to function properly. Your body uses cholesterol to make hormones and vitamin D, and support digestion. Your liver generates enough cholesterol to handle these tasks, but your body doesn’t just get cholesterol from your liver. Cholesterol is also in foods such as meat, dairy, and poultry. If you eat a lot of these foods, your cholesterol levels may become too high.

HDL vs. LDL cholesterol

There are two main types of cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Lipoproteins are made of fat and proteins. Cholesterol moves through your body while inside lipoproteins.

HDL is known as “good cholesterol” because it transports cholesterol to your liver to be expelled from your body. HDL helps rid your body of excess cholesterol so it’s less likely to end up in your arteries.

LDL is called “bad cholesterol” because it takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it may collect in artery walls. Too much cholesterol in your arteries may lead to a buildup of plaque known as atherosclerosis. This can increase the risk of blood clots in your arteries. If a blood clot breaks away and blocks an artery in your heart or brain, you may have a stroke or heart attack.

Plaque buildup may also reduce blood flow and oxygen to major organs. Oxygen deprivation to your organs or arteries may lead to kidney disease or peripheral arterial disease, in addition to a heart attack or stroke.

Know your numbers

According to the Centers for Disease Control, over 31 percent of Americans have high LDL cholesterol. You may not even know it because high cholesterol doesn’t cause noticeable symptoms.

The only way to find out if your cholesterol is high is through a blood test that measures cholesterol in milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL). When you get your cholesterol numbers checked, you’ll receive results for:

  • Total blood cholesterol: This includes your HDL, LDL, and 20 percent of your total triglycerides.
  • Triglycerides: This number should be below 150 mg/dL. Triglycerides are a common type of fat. If your triglycerides are high and your LDL is also high or your HDL is low, you’re at risk of developing atherosclerosis.
  • HDL: The higher this number, the better. It should be at least higher than 55 mg/dL for females and 45 mg/dL for males.
  • LDL: The lower this number, the better. It should be no more than 130 mg/dL if you don’t have heart disease, blood vessel disease, or diabetes. It should be no more than 100 mg/dL if you have any of those conditions or high total cholesterol.

Causes of high cholesterol

Lifestyle factors that may cause high cholesterol include obesity; a diet high in red meat, full-fat dairy products, saturated fats, trans fats, and processed foods; a large waist circumference (over 40 inches for men or over 35 inches for women); lack of regular exercise.

According to a 2013 study, smokers typically have lower HDL cholesterol than nonsmokers. Research shows quitting smoking can increase HDL.

It’s unclear if stress directly causes high cholesterol. Unmanaged stress may lead to behaviors that can increase LDL and total cholesterol such as overeating fatty foods, inactivity, and increased smoking.

In some cases, high LDL is inherited. This condition is called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). FH is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the ability of a person’s liver to get rid of extra LDL cholesterol. This may lead to high LDL levels and an increased risk of heart attack
and stroke at a young age.

How to treat high cholesterol

To treat high cholesterol, doctors often recommend patients stop smoking, eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly and reduce stress.

Sometimes lifestyle changes aren’t enough, especially if you have FH. You may need one or more medications such as:

  • Statins to help your liver get rid of cholesterol.
  • Bile-acid-binding medications to help your body use extra cholesterol to produce bile.
  • Cholesterol absorption inhibitors to prevent your small intestines from absorbing cholesterol and releasing it into your bloodstream.
  • Injectable medications that cause your liver to absorb more LDL cholesterol.

You may also like: A Heart Doctor Explains Cholesterol Levels

The impact of diet

The American Heart Association recommends eating these foods to help reduce total cholesterol and increase HDL:

  • A range of fruits and vegetables
  • Whole grains
  • Skinless poultry, lean pork, and lean red meat
  • Baked or grilled fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, or sardines
  • Unsalted seeds, nuts, and legumes
  • Vegetable or olive oils

These foods may increase LDL cholesterol and should be avoided or rarely eaten:

  • Untrimmed red meat
  • Fried foods
  • Baked goods made with trans fats or saturated fats
  • Full-fat dairy products
  • Foods with hydrogenated oils
  • Tropical oils

Outlook

High cholesterol can be concerning. But in most cases, it’s a warning signal. Being diagnosed with high cholesterol doesn’t mean you’ll develop heart disease or have a stroke, but it should still be taken seriously.

If you have high cholesterol and act to reduce it, your risk of heart disease and stroke will most likely decrease. Lifestyle steps that help reduce cholesterol also support your overall health.

Prevention tips

You’re never too young to start thinking about preventing high cholesterol. Eating a healthy diet is an important first step. Here are some changes you can make today:

  • Choose whole wheat pasta and brown rice over white.
  • Dress salads with olive oil and a splash of lemon juice instead of high-fat salad dressings.
  • Eat more fish. Aim for at least two servings a week.
  • Swap soda or fruit juice with seltzer water or plain water flavored with fresh fruit slices.
  • Bake meat and poultry instead of frying.
  • Use low-fat Greek yogurt instead of sour cream.
  • Opt for whole-grain cereals instead of sugar-laden varieties. Try topping them with cinnamon instead of sugar.

Exercise may also have a positive impact on your cholesterol levels. If you’re sedentary most of
the day, move more. If you work at a desk, set an alarm on your cellphone or computer, or get a

fitness tracker to remind you to get up and move for five minutes each hour. Try to fit in at least 30 minutes of exercise daily. Walking, swimming, or riding a bike are great options.

If you’re a smoker, talk to your doctor about how to stop. Smoking increases your risk of not only high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and heart disease, but also many types of cancer.

If you don’t know your cholesterol numbers, ask your doctor about getting tested, especially if you have a family history of high cholesterol or heart disease. The earlier you know your cholesterol numbers, the sooner you can take steps to manage them.

For more, visit www.healthline.com References available upon request.

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